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Heterogeneous esterification of free fatty acid to biodiesel
(The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, 2010-09)
The potential of sulphated zirconia (SZ) as heterogeneous acid catalyst for esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) to biodiesel has been investigated. Experiments using oleic acid as a model compound preceded the ...
Investigation of process yield in the transesterification of coconut oil with heterogeneous calcium oxide catalyst
(The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, 2009-12)
The commercial success of biodiesels has to date been limited by high production costs of vegetable oil methyl esters. High feedstock costs are compounded by side reactions such as soap formation during conversion using ...