Modified particle swarm optimization for optimum design of retaining wall

Abstract

This paper presents a modified particle swarm optimization for nonlinear constrained optimization of retaining structures. The algorithm is a new approach of particle swarm optimization with passive congregation (PSOPC). It handles the problem-specific constraints using a penalty function. The optimization procedure controls all geotechnical and structural design constraints while reducing the overall cost of the retaining wall. To verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, two design examples of retaining structures are illustrated. In addition, comparison analysis between the PSOPC, PSO and genetic algorithm (GA) is carried out and results show the efficiency of PSOPC. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is performed using a proposed method in order to examine the effects of relevant variables on the optimum design of retaining structures.