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Title: | Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using activated cement clinker as catalyst |
Authors: | Jolius, Gimbun Shahid, Ali Chitra Charan Suri Charan, Kanwal Liyana Amer, Shah Nurul Hidayah, Muhamad @ Ghazali Chin, Kui Cheng Said, Nurdin jolius@ump.edu.my |
Keywords: | Clinker Microwave Rubber seed oil Biodiesel |
Issue Date: | 20-Nov-2012 |
Publisher: | Malaysian Technical Universities Network (MTUN) |
Citation: | p. 357-361 |
Series/Report no.: | Proceedings of the Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology (MUCET) 2012 |
Abstract: | This paper presents the potential of limestone based catalyst for transesterification of high free fatty acid (FFA) rubber seed oil (RSO). Pre-calcinated limestone known as clinker was activated using methanol and transesterification was performed under reflux with constant stirring. Mineral composition of the catalyst was analysed using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) with in build x-ray diffraction (XRD). The rubber seed oil was obtained using both microwave and soxhlet extraction using hexane as solvent. FFA content and fatty acid methyl ester content were determined using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed an efficient conversion (up to 96.9%) of high FFA rubber seed oil to biodiesel. The results suggest that the catalyst employed in this work is not negatively affected by moisture and free fatty acids and can be recycled very easily without significant loss in its activity. The highest conversion of 96.9% was achieved from catalyst activated at 700 °C, with catalyst loading of 5 wt. %; methanol to oil molar ratio of 4:1; reaction temperature of 65 °C and reaction time of 4 hours. The biodiesel produced in this work is within the limits of specification described by American standard test method (ASTM D6751). |
Description: | Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology (MUCET) 2012 organised by technical universities under the Malaysian Technical Universities Network (MTUN), 20th - 21st November 2012 at Hotel Seri Malaysia, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. |
URI: | http://dspace.unimap.edu.my/123456789/27382 |
Appears in Collections: | Conference Papers |
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CCE 03.pdf | Access is limited to UniMAP community | 519.28 kB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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